Free part of lower limb

 The homology with the free upper extremity bone.was examined in the free upper extremity bone.In general, the upper limbs are more fragile and the lower limbs more robust. The relative length of the upper and lower limbs contrasts between humans and other primates (humans have relatively long lower limbs). Such lower limb morphology is closely related to upright bipedal locomotion. In association with the function of upright bipedal locomotion, the foot lost its opposable big toe, but acquired the form of a foot arch.

1. Femur
・Head (1-1), Shaft (1-2), Condyle (1-3) are distinguishable.
・Head of femur (2)
---- Hip joint (3)
・Fovea for ligament of head (4);What attaches to
・Neck of femur (5);How angled to the body
・Greater trochanter (6);What attaches to
・Lesser trochanter (7);What attaches to
・Trochanteric fossa (8)
What is filled in by what in a living body
Intertrochanteric crest (9);What attaches to
・Shaft of femur (1-2)
・GWhat is filled in by what in a living bodyluteal tuberosity (11)
What attaches to;In quadrupeds, it is well developed as the third trochanter.
・Linea aspera (12)
What attaches to;Where will the upward trend continue
・Pectineal line (13);What attaches to
・Condyle of femur
Medial condyle of femur (15-1),Lateral condyle of femur (15-2)
Medial epicondyle of femur (16-1),Lateral epicondyle of femur (16-2)
Popliteal surface (17);Which is larger, medial or lateral side
・Knee joint (18);There are many ligaments to reinforce. Which ones are there?
2. Patella
Patella is the largest sesamoid bone . Can you distinguish between the left and right patella
3. Tibia
3-1. Upper end
・Intercondylar eminence (19);The ligaments that get to this back and forth
・Medial condyle (20-1),Lateral condyle (20-2);Does it correspond to the size of the lateral and medial meniscus
・Fibular articular facet on tibia (21);A landmark when judging left and right.
---- Tibiofibular joint (22);Moving or ...
3-2. Body part
・Shaft of tibia (23)
・Anterior border (24);Benkei's crying place! (Achilles' heel)
・Tibial tuberosity (25)---- Patellar ligament
・Interosseous border of tibia (26)
・Soleal line (27);What attaches to
(soleus= marine flatfish, sole)
3-3. Lower end
・Fibular notch (28)
・Tibiofibular syndesmosis (29)
・Medial malleolus (30);Let's touch it in your body。
4. Fibula
It is difficult to determine the left or right side of this bone. This bone is not involved in the knee joint! In the horse, it is present only traceably and has become part of the tibia.
・Head of fibula (31)
Articular facet of head of fibula (32)
・Shaft of fibula (33)
Anterior-, Posterior- and Interosseous border of fibula (34)
・Lateral malleolus (35)
The significance of the presence of the fibula is to provide parts of the ankle joint and muscle attachments?
5. Bones of foot
Bones of foot = Tarsal bones + Metatarsals + Phalanges
5-1. Tarsal bones
There are seven bones in the ankle.
The homology with the carpal bone was seen in the free part of upper limb.
・Calcaneus (36)
Calcaneal tuberocity (37) ---- Calcaneal tendon (Achillis tendon)
Sustentaculum tali (38)
・Talus (39)
Trochlea of talus (40) ---- Ankle joint (41)
・Navicular bone (42)
・Medial cuneiform bone (43-1),Intermediate cuneiform bone (43-2),Lateral cuneiform bone (43-3)
・Cuboid bone (44)
Groove for tendon of fibularis longus (45)
5-2. Joints of the tarsal bones
・Intertarsal joints
Subtalar joint (47);Exercise is
Talocalcaneonavicular joint (48)
Calcaneocuboid joint (49)
Transvere tarsal joint(Chopart's joint)(50);Clinical significance is
Cuneonavicular joint (51)
・Metatarsal bones I -- V (52)
Tarsometatarsal joints (Lisfranc's joint) (53)
Clinical significance is
Intermetatarsal joints (54)
・Phalanx of foot
Proximal phalanx (56-1),Middle phalanx (56-2),Distal phalanx (56-3)
The middle and distal phalanges of the fifth toe are often fused (suggesting the origin of the phalanx of the big toe?)
6. Arches of the foot
Electromyographic (EMG ) studies have shown that muscles are not involved in supporting the foot arch, at least in static conditions (Basmajian & Stecko, 1963).
Compare arches with skeletal structures with stone bridges(an ancient Roman aqueduct bridge of Pont du Gard, France or Meganebashi (double-arch stone bridge) in Nagasaki, Japan)
・Longitudinal arch of foot (57)
Medial part of longitudinal arch of foot (58-1),Lateral part of longitudinal arch of foot (58-2)
What is flat-foot?
・Proximal and distal transverse arch of foot (59)

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